A new generation of solar cells is born

Chinese researchers have taken a major step forward for the development of a new generation of solar cells. Manufacturers have long used silicon to make solar panels because the material was the most efficient at converting sunlight into electricity and is extremely plentiful. But organic photovoltaics, made from carbon and plastic, promise a cheaper way of generating electricity. This new study shows that organics can now be just as efficient as silicon.

What are organic solar cells?

The term organic relates to the fact that carbon-based materials are at the heart of these devices, rather than silicon. The square or rectangular solar panels that most of us have seen require fixed installation points usually on roofs or on the ground. Organic photovoltaics (OPV) can be made of compounds that are dissolved in ink so they can be printed on thin rolls of plastic, they can bend or curve around structures or even be incorporated into clothing.
Organics have long hung around at about half this rate, but this year has seen some major leaps forward. In April researchers were able to reach 15% in tests. Now, this new study pushes that beyond 17% with the authors saying that up to 25% is possible under the right conditions.
This is important because according to estimates, with a 15% efficiency and a 20 year lifetime, organic solar cells could produce power at a cost of fewer than 7 cents per kilowatt-hour.
In 2017, the average cost of electricity in the US was 10.5 cents per kilowatt-hour, according to the US Energy Information Administration.

So what have these researchers done differently?

One of the things that have made OPV less efficient in the past is the fact that the organic materials have loosely bound molecules which can trap electrons and slow down the generation of electricity. So researchers have attempted to get around this by putting different layers of material together in what is termed a tandem cell approach.
"Tandem cell means you have two devices built together in the same structure," said one of the authors, Dr. Yongsheng Chen, from Nankai University in Tianjin, China.
"We have two layers of active materials, each layer can absorb different wavelengths of light. That means you can use sunlight in the wider wavelengths or more efficiently and this can generate more current."

How far are these from commercial production?

Not that far away according to the researchers. Dr. Yongsheng Chen compares the OPV to organic light-emitting diodes or OLED. This technology has been introduced in the past few years and is widely used for high-end TVs.
"These are already commercial, and they use a similar material to OPV," Dr. Yongsheng Chen told BBC News.
"The physical principle is the same, just a different direction, one is from solar to electricity, the other from electricity to light, the device and structure are similar."
"I am very positive for OPV, and it may not need five years," he added.

What type of application might we expect?

Flexible, printed solar cells offer a wide range of possibilities. They can work indoors and they can be made semi-transparent, so they could be incorporated into windows and generate power during daylight. They offer huge potential for buildings as they are lightweight. These might be ideal for installing on the roofs of houses in developing countries where structures might not suit heavy silicon. They could be used on the roofs of cars, and in clothes, even in glasses to charge your phone while you are out and about.
"Their optional semi-transparency enables their use in windows or glass facade shading," said Dr. Alexander Colsmann and expert on organic photovoltaics from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
"The very same properties render organic solar cells ideally suited to also power mobile applications - camping gear, smart wearables or phone chargers, just to name a few - which have been only insufficiently addressed by classical solar cell technologies such as silicon."

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